PURPOSE:To investigate the effects of alloxan diabetes on the abdominal wall healing of rats undergoing laparotomy.METHODS: Ninety-six male Wistar rats weighing between 200 and 300 grams, divided into two groups: non-diabetic group (G1) and another with untreated diabetes (G2). Three months after diabetes induction, the animals underwent a 5cm-long- laparotomy and 5.0 nylon monofilament suture. After the surgery, 12 animals from each group were euthanized on days 4, 14, 21 and 30 corresponding to the moments M1, M2, M3 and M4. In each moment a fragment of the abdominal wall containing the scar was removed for tensile strength measurement, histological and morphometric study. Clinical and biochemical parameters were also analyzed.RESULTS:G2 animals showed parameters compatible with severe diabetes and decreased plasma levels of insulin. The tensile strength in G2 was significantly smaller in M2 and M4, with a tendency to fall in the other two. Through light microscope, diabetic animals showed more difficulty to increase collagen density and contraction. G2 animals showed high cellularity of fibroblasts in later healing moments, with collagen thinning in M2 and M4.CONCLUSION:The abdominal wound healing in untreated diabetic animals was altered and led to a higher incidence of dehiscence and infections.

PURPOSE:To evaluate morphological changes of the gastric stump and not resected stomach mucosa after the completion of truncal vagotomy.METHODS:Eighty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: CT, TV, RY and RYTV. In CT group, abdominal viscera were manipulated and the abdominal cavity was closed, in TV vagal trunks were isolated and sectioned, in RY a partial Roux-en-Y gastrectomy was performed and in RYTV the vagal trunks were sectioned and a partial Roux-en-Y gastrectomy was performed. At the 54th week after surgery, the rats were euthanized. The findings were submitted to histological analyses.RESULTS:None macroscopic or histological alterations in groups TV and CT was observed. Specimens from RY and RYTV groups did not show alterations in the gastric stump mucosa. At the jejunal side of the gastroenterostomy we found shallow ulcerative lesions always single, well-defined and with variable diameter 3 to 6 mm, six times in the RY group and none in the RYTV group (RY>RYTV, p=0.008). Neoplastic or preneoplastic lesions were not diagnosed in all groups.CONCLUSION: Truncal vagotomy is a safe and non-carcinogenic method in not resected and partially resected stomach.

O artigo em questão aborda os motivos pelos quais a Medicina Defensiva é largamente utilizada no Brasil e no Mundo. A Medicina Defensiva, na prática, se caracteriza pela utilização exagerada de exames complementares, pelo uso de procedimentos terapêuticos supostamente mais seguros, pelo encaminhamento frequente de pacientes a outros especialistas e pela recusa ao atendimento de pacientes graves e com maior potencial de complicações. Trata-se de uma prática que tem como objetivo principal defender o médico de eventuais processos, principalmente na área judicial. A maneira como são conduzidos os processos pelo poder judiciário certamente contribui para a consolidação desta prática insensata. A morosidade da justiça, em nosso meio, associado ao despreparo dos juízes e peritos judiciais na análise dos casos, leva a um desgaste emocional das partes. Alem disso, a formação precária do médico em nosso país faz com que se utilize de meios requintados de diagnóstico e tratamento em detrimento a um exame clínico pormenorizado e uma adequada comunicação com o paciente. Além de ineficiente em proteger o médico, a Medicina Defensiva traz consequências graves ao paciente e à sociedade, já que gera um custo adicional incalculável ao exercício da Medicina, determina um maior sofrimento ao doente e faz com que haja uma deteriorização na relação médico-paciente, que sempre foi pautada pela confiança, respeito e pessoalidade.

We discuss the reasons why Defensive Medicine is widely used in Brazil and worldwide. The Defensive Medicine is characterized by excessive use of complementary tests, the use of supposedly safer therapeutic procedures, the frequent referral of patients to other specialists and by the refusal to care for critically ill patients and with greater potential for complications. This is a practice that aims to defend the doctor from legal suits. The way the processes are conducted by the judiciary certainly contributes to the consolidation of this foolish practice. The slow pace of justice in our country, associated with the unpreparedness of judges and legal experts in the analysis of cases, leads to an emotional exhaustion of the parties involved. Furthermore, poor training of doctors in our country values the use of sophisticated diagnostic and treatment methods, rather than a thorough clinical examination and appropriate communication with the patient. Besides inefficient in protecting the doctor, Defensive Medicine has severe consequences to the patient and to society, since it generates an additional invaluable cost to medical practice, determines greater suffering to the patient and causes deterioration of the doctor-patient relationship, which has always been marked by trust, respect and personhood.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of surgical treatment for esophageal perforation. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was performed. We conducted a search strategy in the main electronic databases such as PubMed, Embase and Lilacs to identify all case series. RESULTS: Thirty three case series met the inclusion criteria with a total of 1417 participants. The predominant etiology was iatrogenic (54.2%) followed by spontaneous cause (20.4%) and in 66.1% the localization was thoracic. In 65.4% and 33.4% surgical and conservative therapy, respectively, was considered the first choice. There was a statistically significance different with regards mortality rate favoring the surgical group (16.3%) versus conservative treatment (21.2%) (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment was more effective and safe than conservative treatment concerning mortality rates, although the possibility of bias due to clinical and methodological heterogeneity among the included studies and the level of evidence that cannot be ruled out.

OBJETIVO: Estudar o efeito do alcoolismo no processo de cicatrização intestinal e suas complicações pós-operatórias em ratos. MÉTODOS: Cento e sessenta ratos foram divididos em dois grupos: tratado e controle. O controle recebeu água, enquanto o tratado etanol a 30%. Após 180 dias foram realizadas colotomia, seguida de anastomose. Após os animais foram divididos em quatro subgrupos de 20 ratos para estudo nos seguintes momentos: 4º, 7º, 14º e 21º pós-operatório. Os parâmetros analisados foram: ganho de peso, força de ruptura, hidroxiprolina tecidual, complicações pós-operatórias e estudo histopatológico. RESULTADOS: O ganho de peso foi superior no grupo controle (p<0,05). Após agrupamento dos momentos a força de ruptura foi superior no controle (p<0,05). Não houve diferença quanto à histopatologia e hidroxiprolina. Houve cinco infecções de incisão no grupo tratado, enquanto no controle ocorreram duas (p>0,05). Houve nove fístulas no grupo tratado, enquanto no controle duas (p<0,05). Ocorreram sete mortes no grupo tratado e apenas três no controle (p>0,05). CONCLUSÕES: No grupo tratado ocorreu um processo de subnutrição evidenciado pelo menor ganho de peso. Piora na cicatrização intestinal, indicada pela menor força de ruptura. Ocorreu um maior número de complicações pós-operatórias no grupo tratado.

PURPOSE: To study the effect of alcoholism on intestinal healing and postoperative complications in rats METHODS: One hundred and sixty rats were divided into two groups: control and treated. The control group received water and the treated group 30% ethanol. After 180 days, colotomy with anastomosis were performed. After, the groups were divided into four subgroups: 20 rats for study at the following moments: 4th, 7th, 14th and 21st postoperative. The analyzed parameters were: weight gain, breaking strength, tissue hydroxyproline, postoperative complications and histopathological study RESULTS: Weight gain was greater in the control group (p<0.05). When all the subgroups were clustered, breaking strength was significantly greater in the control (p<0.05). Histopathology and hydroxyproline dosage did not show differences. There were five surgical site infections in the treated group while the control group showed two (p>0.05). Nine fistulas occurred in the treated group whereas the control group two (p<0.05). There were three deaths in the control group and seven in the treated group (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Treated group undergo a malnutrition process that is revealed by lower weight gain. Impaired intestinal healing as indicated by smaller breaking strength. There were a larger number of postoperative complications in the treated animals.

Trata-se de um artigo que comenta sobre a real importância do Termo de Consentimento Informado na prática médica. Este documento tem sido cada vez mais usado como uma prática defensiva, a fim de constituir provas para defesa de um eventual processo judicial de responsabilidade médica, desvirtuando assim a idéia original, que seria a de respeitar a autonomia do paciente e delimitar a responsabilidade médica. O documento tem como objetivo mostrar que o médico cumpriu com seu dever de informar. Seu grande valor reside nos casos onde existam riscos de danos irreversíveis ao paciente. Conclui-se, porém, que um prontuário bem elaborado onde se inclui o registro das informações que foram transmitidas, bem como o grau de participação dos pacientes e seus familiares nas decisões terapêuticas, também deve ter valor ético e jurídico semelhante do TCI.

This is an article that talks about the real importance of Informed Consent (IC) in medical practice. This document has been increasingly used as a defensive practice, in order to provide evidence to the defense of any lawsuit of medical responsibility, thus distorting the original idea, which would be to respect patient autonomy and delimit medical liability. The document aims to show that the doctor complied with his duty to inform. Its great value lies in cases where there is a risk of irreversible damage to the patient. We conclude, however, that a well-documented chart, which includes the recording of information that was provided and the degree of participation of patients and their families in treatment decisions, should also have legal and ethical value similar to the IC's.

A dor inguinal crônica pós-herniorrafia é uma situação preocupante, pois aproximadamente 10% dos pacientes submetidos à hernioplastia inguinal apresenta os sintomas, que com frequência limita a capacidade física. A etiopatogênese está relacionada a uma periostite do púbis (dor somática) e mais frequentemente à lesão nervosa (dor neuropática). É importante distinguir clinicamente entre os dois tipos de dor, pois o tratamento pode ser diferente. O médico deve estabelecer uma rotina diagnóstica e de tratamento, sendo que a maior parte dos pacientes necessitarão de terapêutica cirúrgica. A prevenção desta condição é de grande importância e pode levar a uma menor incidência da síndrome. Algumas medidas são fundamentais, como evitar pontos ou clipes no periósteo do púbis, usar criteriosamente as próteses e identificar os nervos da região inguinal. Esta última medida é certamente a mais importante na prevenção da dor crônica e implica em conhecimento profundo da anatomia e o uso de uma técnica aprimorada.

Chronic groin pain after herniorrhaphy is a concern, as approximately 10% of patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair have symptoms, which often limit physical ability. The etiopathogenesis is related to periostitis pubis (somatic pain) and more often to nerve injury (neuropathic pain). It is clinically important to distinguish between these two types of pain because treatment can be different. The physician should establish a routine diagnosis and treatment, and most patients will need surgical approach. Prevention of this condition is of great importance and can lead to a lower incidence of the syndrome. Some measures are key, such as how to avoid application of stitches or clips to the pubis periosteum, using the prosthesis carefully and identifying the nerves in the groin. This last measure is certainly the most important in the prevention of chronic pain and involves thorough knowledge of anatomy and the use of refined technique.

OBJETIVO: Comparar duas técnicas de tratamento da hérnia incisional em coelhos utilizando a tela de polipropileno apoiando um reforço peritônio - aponeurótico ou suturada nas bordas do anel herniário 'em ponte" . MÉTODOS: Foram operados 60 coelhos para a produção de hérnia incisional, em uma incisão mediana de 4 centímetros. Após 30 dias, metade dos animais foram operados com o fechamento primário da parede, com colocação de uma tela de polipropileno apoiando o reforço e a outra metade dos animais com a colocação da tela suturada nas bordas do anel herniário " em ponte" . Os animais foram avaliados com 30 (M1), 60 (M2)e 90 (M3) dias de pós-operatório. Os parâmetros analisados foram a evolução clínica, análise da força de ruptura da cicatriz, estudo macroscópico, análise microscópica e morfométrica. RESULTADOS: Não foram observadas diferenças significantes com relação a força de ruptura e estudos histológicos nos dois grupos e vários momentos estudados. Não houve diferença estatística com relação às complicações, embora os animais que receberam a tela " em ponte" tiveram aderências mais firmes e intensas à parede abdominal. CONCLUSÕES: As duas técnicas utilizadas para correção da hérnia incisional em coelhos não mostraram diferenças significantes quanto a força de ruptura, análise histológica e morfométrica. O número de complicações foi semelhante, porém a aderência de órgãos da cavidade abdominal à área de cicatriz foi muito mais intensa no grupo em que a tela foi colocada " em ponte" .

PURPOSE: To compare two different incisional hernia repair techniques (repair with a polypropylene mesh reinforcement on the peritonium-aponeurosis versus polypropylene mesh sutured to the borders of the hernial ring as a bridge) in rabbits. METHODS: Incisional hernia was experimentally developed through a 4-cm median incision in 60 rabbits. After 30 days, half of the animals were operated for primary wall closure and placement of a polypropylene mesh reinforcement, while the other half had a polypropylene mesh sutured to the borders of the hernial ring as a bridge. Clinical development, scar breaking strength, as well as gross, microscopic and morphometric parameters were evaluated in all animals 30, 60, and 90 days after repair. RESULTS: No significant differences in breaking strength or histological parameters were observed between groups at any time point studied. No statistical difference regarding complications was detected, although denser and firmer adhesions to the abdominal wall were seen after the mesh was placed as a " bridge" . CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences between the incisional hernia repair techniques assessed were observed regarding breaking strength, and histological and morphometric parameters. The number of complications was similar in both study groups. However, adhesion of abdominal cavity organs to the scar area was much denser after the placement of a mesh to bridge the defect.

As intervenções cirúrgicas em pacientes idosos têm se tornado cada vez mais frequentes, uma vez que esta população vem apresentando crescimento em número significativo nas últimas décadas e consequentemente expondo-se por mais tempo às morbidades de resolução cirúrgica. Apesar de um número importante de idosos apresentarem envelhecimento saudável e tolerarem o ato cirúrgico sem muitas intercorrências, sabe-se também que a morbi-motalidade que envolve a operação é mais frequente no indivíduo idoso e requer muito mais cuidado naquele com comorbidades. O presente trabalho se propõe a rever alguns aspectos que merecem ser mais cuidadosamente observados, porque envolvem modificações morfológicas e funcionais do organismo senescente, que guardam relação com o aumento da morbidade e da mortalidade em todo o período peri-operatório. A avaliação pré-operatória, portanto, deve pautar-se em exame criterioso de toda história clínica do paciente com vistas a estabelecer medidas de prevenção de eventos mórbidos, evitar iatrogenias, estabelecer critérios que alertem para um maior risco e desenvolver enfoque multidisciplinar.

The surgical interventions in elderly patients have become more frequent once this population have presented expressive increase in last decades, resulting a longer exposure to surgical resolution morbidities. Despite a large number of elder people presents a healthy aging and support the surgical act well, the morbidity and mortality that involves the surgery is more often in elderly and request more care to ones with comorbidities. The present work purpose to review some aspects that must be more carefully observed because involves morphological and functional changes from senescent organism that bring into relation with the increase of morbidity and mortality in preoperative period. Thus, the preoperative evaluation must be based on carefully clinical examination in order to prevent morbid events, iatrogenic ones, to set up risk criteria and to development a multidisciplinary focus.

CONTEXTO: A correção das hérnias volumosas e dos grandes defeitos da parede abdominal constitui grande desafio da prática cirúrgica, em virtude das dificuldades técnicas e do alto índice de complicações respiratórias e cardiovasculares. OBJETIVOS: Apresentar experiência com a indução do pneumoperitônio progressivo no pré-operatório do tratamento cirúrgico das hérnias volumosas da parede abdominal. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de seis pacientes que apresentavam hérnias volumosas da parede abdominal, e que foram operados após a instalação de um pneumoperitônio. O procedimento foi realizado através da colocação de um cateter na cavidade abdominal, na altura do hipocôndrio esquerdo, com insuflação de ar ambiente por período de 10 a 15 dias. RESULTADOS: Dos seis pacientes operados, quatro eram do sexo feminino e dois do masculino. A idade mínima era de 40 e a máxima de 62 anos. A duração da hérnia variou de 5 a 40 anos. Quatro pacientes tinham hérnia incisional, um umbilical e outro inguinal. O tempo médio de pneumoperitônio foi de 11,6 dias. Não houve complicações relacionadas à instalação e manutenção do pneumoperitônio. Todas as hérnias foram corrigidas sem dificuldades técnicas. Utilizou-se a técnica de Lichtenstein para a correção da hérnia inguinal, a transposição peritônio-aponeurótica para uma das hérnias incisionais, sendo as demais corrigidas com uso de tela de polipropileno. Um óbito e uma infecção de parede foram observados no pós-operatório dessas cirurgias. Não houve recidivas registradas até o momento, num período de seguimento de 4 a 36 meses. CONCLUSÃO: O pneumoperitônio progressivo pré-operatório é um procedimento seguro e de fácil execução, pois facilita o procedimento cirúrgico e diminui as complicações respiratórias e cardiovasculares no pós-operatório. É indicado para doentes com hérnias que perderam domicílio na cavidade abdominal.

CONTEXT: Correction of voluminous hernias and large abdominal wall defects is a big challenge in surgical practice due to technical difficulties and the high incidence of respiratory and cardiovascular complications. OBJECTIVES: To present the authors experience with inducing progressive pneumoperitoneum preoperative to surgical treatment of voluminous hernias of the abdominal wall. METHODS: Retrospective study of six patients who presented voluminous hernias of the abdominal wall and were operated after installation of a pneumoperitoneum. The procedure was performed by placing a catheter in the abdominal cavity at the level of the left hypochondrium with ambient air insufflation for 10 to 15 days. RESULTS: Four of the six patients were female and two male. Ages ranged from 42 to 62 years. Hernia duration varied from 5 to 40 years. Four patients had incisional, one umbilical, and one inguinal hernias. Mean pneumoperitoneum time was 11.6 days. There were no complications related to pneumoperitoneum installation and maintenance. All hernias were corrected without technical difficulties. The Lichtenstein technique was used to correct the inguinal hernia, peritoneal aponeurotic transposition for one of the incisional hernias, with the rest corrected using polypropylene mesh. One death and one wall infection were observed post operatively. No recurrences were reported until now, in 4 to 36 months of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Preoperative progressive pneumoperitoneum is a safe and easy executed procedure, which simplifies surgery and reduces post-operative respiratory and cardiovascular complications. It is indicated for patients with hernias that have lost the right of domain in the abdominal cavity.

Os conflitos médico-legais que ocorrem no exercício da Cirurgia e da Medicina são motivos de preocupação não só no meio médico, mas também na sociedade como um todo, pois se de um lado geram um maior desgaste emocional ao médico, por outro, os pacientes estão sendo rejeitados. As causas desses conflitos são muitas, envolvendo fatores não assistenciais, como o sistema de saúde distorcido e desorganizado, a falta de participação da sociedade e do médico na melhoria desse sistema, o aparelho formador que lança no mercado grande número de jovens médicos despreparados para o exercício dessa nobre profissão, além da falta do ensino continuado. A solução para esses conflitos não poderá ser por meio de simples criação de leis, e nem pela negativa da existência do erro médico, que ocorre numa freqüência até maior do que os próprios conflitos. Todavia, pode-se afirmar que é muito importante melhorar a relação médico-paciente. É necessário, ainda, que o médico conheça a fundo seus deveres de conduta e que, principalmente, se abstenha de praticar abusos do poder. A sociedade deve também entender que a saúde não é uma questão exclusiva dos médicos e que deve lutar pela melhoria das condições dos níveis de vida.

Generally, medico-legal conflicts which occur in surgical and medical practice are a source of worry for both the medical profession and the society as a whole, because on one hand, they could cause high emotional stress for doctors, and on the other hand, patients could be rejected. Once consolidated, defensive medicine increases treatment costs and the doctor-patient relationship could transform into a tragedy. There are many causes for this, including non-treatment factors, such as an unsupported and disorganized health system, lack of participation from society and the doctor in improving this system, the training machine which launches a large number of young unprepared doctors to practice in this noble profession, along with a lack of continuing training, as there are few public or private institutions providing preparation, or further medical training. The related treatment factors are generally, a deficient doctor-patient relationship, poor work condition, power abuse by the doctor, a lack of clear agreement, and poor medical record keeping. These conflicts cannot be solved by simple creating legislation, or by denying the existence of medical error, which occurs at higher frequency than the actual conflicts. It is very important to improve the doctor-patient relationship because an effective fraternal relationship reduces the chance of a judicial demand. The doctor still needs to fully understand his/her conduct obligations and mainly to avoid power abuse. Doctors must also professionally link themselves with politicians who fight for the individual's rights against the system. Society must also understand that health is not just an issue exclusive for doctors, and people must fight to improve living conditions. Society must seriously show its frustration with the increasing disparity between scientific possibilities and actual wellbeing. The training machine needs immediate profound changes to produce professionals with the highest qualifications equipped for the needs of our population.

The objective is to alert the surgeon about the indiscriminate use of synthetic prosthesis in the correction of inguinal and incisional hernias. The authors provide a brief history of surgery on hernias and a review of the literature, showing the importance of classifying inguinal hernias to fit the type of surgical correction with the defect found, abstaining from treating all hernias, with the same type of surgical procedure. In our opinion, small indirect inguinal hernias (type 1 and 2 of Gilbert) and hernias in women must not, in general, be treated with prostheses. The synthetic material should be reserved for direct and large indirect hernias. Even so, this attitude, besides determining a higher cost for the procedure, can lead to important complications such as infection, rejection, fistula formation, chronic pain, alterations in spermatogenesis and the possibility of carcinogenesis, according to more recent reports. The physiology and anatomy of the abdominal wall should be considered when dealing with incisional hernia corrections, where the surgeon can choose among many techniques to correct those defects, and in selected cases, utilize synthetic material. We conclude that although the use of biomaterials has constituted a great advance in surgery for abdominal wall hernia corrections because they decrease recurrences, and permit treatment of large abdominal hernias, the indiscriminate prosthesis usage is an abuse, and it can determine many serious complications, certainly avoidable with a well indicated non mesh technique .

RACIONAL: A colelitíase é uma das doenças mais freqüentes do aparelho digestivo, acometendo 20% da população adulta. A idade tem sido considerada importante fator preditivo de complicações após a colecistectomia. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a morbimortalidade da colecistectomia em pacientes idosos operados por técnica laparotômica, minilaparotômica e videolaparoscópica. MÉTODO: Foram analisados retrospectivamente 557 pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia associada ou não a outros procedimentos sobre as vias biliares no período de julho de 1985 a dezembro de 2003. Desses, 152 pacientes (27,3%) tinham 60 ou mais anos e 120 (79%) eram do sexo feminino. Noventa e dois doentes foram operados por laparotomia, 46 por videolaparoscopia e 14 por minilaparotomia. RESULTADOS: As complicações ocorreram com mais freqüência e gravidade nos pacientes mais idosos e operados por laparotomia, sendo que estes apresentaram maior índice de infecção urinária, da ferida cirúrgica e maior tempo de permanência hospitalar. Houve três casos de óbito, sendo dois após laparotomia e outro após videolaparoscopia, todos acima de 70 anos de idade. CONCLUSÃO: A idade é importante fator preditivo de complicações após a colecistectomia, tanto pela incidência aumentada da doença do trato biliar complicada, como pela maior morbimortalidade da operação no idoso, em decorrência de doenças associadas.

BACKGROUND: Cholelithiasis is one of the most frequent diseases regarding the digestive system. It is present in about 20% of the adult population, being age an important predictive factor for complications after cholecystectomy. AIM: To evaluate the morbimortality rates concerning elderly patients who underwent cholecystectomy and who are submitted to conventional practices, minilaparotomy and laparoscopy. METHODS: Five hundred and fifty seven patients submitted to cholecystectomy, associated or not to other procedures on the biliary tract, were observed during the period of July 1985 and December 2003. One hundred and fifty two (27,3%) were 60 years or over and 120 (79%) were female. Ninety two were submitted to conventional practices, 46 to laparoscopy and 14 to minilaparotomy. RESULTS: Complications were frequent and serious in elder patients and the ones submitted to conventional practices presented greater incidence of urinary infection, surgical wound infection and a longer time of hospitalization. There were three obits, two of them after conventional surgery and the other after videolaparoscopic surgery. All of the patients were over 70 years old. CONCLUSION: It was possible to conclude that age is an important predictive factor of complications after cholecystectomy as a result of the increase in the incidence of biliary tract disease as well as because of a greater morbidity and mortality in elderly patients resulting from associated diseases.

Professional responsibility is an inherent factor to the medical activity. Therefore, the adoption of a healthy conduct based on good relationship between the physician and the patient, as well as the understanding of this professional of the several aspects involved in the inguinal hernia repairs, are considered the better means to protect himself against possible litigations with its patients. This issue provides a complete evaluation of medical and legal problems related to the inguinal hernia surgery, and discusses the care that surgeon must exercise during preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative periods. That authors also comment about medical error and its conception from the point of the new Civil Code.

OBJETIVO: Descrever uma técnica de anestesia local no tratamento de hérnias inguinais em crianças. MÉTODO: Foram operadas 48 crianças com hérnias inguinais sob anestesia local na Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Cerqueira César, SP, sendo 34 do sexo masculino e 14 do sexo feminino, com idades entre 3 meses e 12 anos. Apenas quatro crianças tinham hérnia bilateral. A anestesia local foi realizada com lidocaína a 1% na dose de 5 mg/kg de peso através do bloqueio dos nervos abdominogenitais próximos à espinha ilíaca ântero-superior, à altura do anel inguinal externo e na pele ao redor da incisão. A sedação foi feita com cetamina na dose de 1 a 2 mg/kg e diazepam 0,2 a 0,4 mg/kg de peso. RESULTADOS: Todas as cirurgias puderam ser realizadas com tranqüilidade com este método, com exceção de uma criança em que o bloqueio não foi efetivo e a anestesia complementada com inalação de halogenado, sob máscara. Como complicações pós-operatórias, ocorreram três hematomas, sendo um de parede e dois em bolsa escrotal, todos com boa evolução. CONCLUSÕES: O uso da anestesia local associada à sedação é procedimento simples e seguro para realizar herniorrafias inguinais em crianças.

AIM: To describe an anesthetic technique, as well as the results of surgical treatment of the inguinal hernia in children. PATIENTS/METHODS: Forty-eight patients were submitted to inguinal hernia repair under local anesthesia at "Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Cerqueira César", State of São Paulo, Brazil. There were 34 male and 14 female patients, range from 3 months to 12 years old. Local anesthesia was performed with a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight of 1% lidocaine through iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerve blocks, medially to the anterior superior iliac spine, and at level of the pubic tubercle. Sedation was done with an association of ketamine (1 to 2 mg/kg) and diazepam (0,2 to 0,4 mg/kg). RESULTS: In all patients except one the procedure was done without complications. In that patient the local anesthesia was not effective and was followed by inhalatory anesthesia. Surgical complications (blood collections) were observed in three patients: two at the scrotum and one at subcutaneous, with good evolution. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the use of local anesthesia associated to sedative is a simple and safe procedure for the inguinal hernia repair in children.